Table of Content

18 February 2026, Volume 51 Issue 1

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Progress in the Prevention and Control of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

ZHOU Hongchao，JIA Pei

2026, 51(1):  1-5.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2026.01.01

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Mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine （MPS） is a chronic，wasting infectious disease caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae（Mhp），characterized mainly by coughing and dyspnea. It is also known as swine enzootic pneumonia（EP）or swine chronic respiratory disease. With the intensification of large?scale farming，the infection rate of this disease in domestic pig farms remains high. Although Mhp infection has a low mortality rate，it can increase the culling rate of infected pigs，raise the feed?to?meat ratio，reduce daily weight gain，slow growth，and extend the time to market for finishing pigs，severely undermining the economic efficiency of swine herds. Conventional preventive and control measures for Mhp include vaccination and antibiotic treatment. However，the immune evasion mechanisms formed by Mhp after invading the host，secondary infections，and antibiotic resistance significantly diminish the effectiveness of both Vaccination and antibiotic therapy，making it difficult to eradicate Mhp once it enters a pig herd.To address this challenge，this paper discusses the current status of Mhp infection and control from four aspects：the harmful effects of Mhp，its pathogenic mechanisms，epidemiology，and preventive measures，with the aim of providing a reference for the control of this disease.

Microbial Degradation Mechanism of Keratin and Its Applications in Livestock and Poultry Production

CHEN Qiuping，XU Yi，LI Huiting，XU Yanxue，CAO Ziheng，WANG Yilin，YU Aochuan，GAO Chunqi

2026, 51(1):  6-15.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2026.01.02

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The rapid expansion of the global poultry industry has led to a continuous increase in feather waste. Feathers contain more than 90% keratin，a structurally stable protein that is difficult to degrade. Conventional disposal methods often result in environmental pollution and resource wastage. Therefore，the efficient utilization of feathers has garnered increasing attention. This paper compares three different feather degradation processes and their respective advantages and disadvantages，discusses improved microbial ? enzymatic synergistic methods for feather protein degradation，and reviews the application of degradation products in animal production. It also provides an outlook on the screening of highly efficient feather?degrading strains and the development of novel degradation processes，offering insights for the efficient utilization of feather waste.

Study on Gender Reversal Induced by Different Solvents and Estrogen Concentrations in Chicken Embryos

SUN Jia，GUO Xiaoli，Chen Peng，Ou Yang Weiqi，Zhang Qingqing，Ji Jian，Luo Chenglong

2026, 51(1):  16-22.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2026.01.03

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Significant market disparities exist in the poultry industry based on sex，with female chickens prefereed for their superior egg?laying performance and desirable meat traits. This practice results in the wastage of approximately 50% of fertilized eggs，underscoring the need for early sex determination to improve breeding efficiency and resource utilization. Sex differentiation in chickens is a complex biological process. Notably，exogenous estrogen administration during the developmental window can induce phenotypic feminization in genetically male individuals. In this study，fertilized eggs of Huiyang Bearded Chicken eggs were injected with exogenous estrogen on day 3 of incubation to establish an efficient and stable sex reversal protocol. We first compared the effects of different estrogens （17α ? ethynylestradiol，β ? estradiol），solvents（emulsifier，95% ethanol，DMSO），and injection sites. Results indicated that yolk injection of 17α?ethynylestradiol dissolved in DMSO yielded higher sex reversal efficiency and lower mortality compared to other treatments. Further dose optimization revealed that injection of ≥80 μg per egg induced 100% sex reversal. In conclusion，the optimal protocol was established：yolk injection of 80 μg of 17α? ethynylestradiol（dissolved in DMSO）on incubation day 3 reliably induced 100% male?to?female sex reversal. These findings provide experimental evidence for understanding sex differentiation mechanisms and offer a theoretical foundation for developing sex control technologies in poultry breeding.

Characteristics of Cryptosporidium Infection in a Large⁃scale Pigeon Farm in Guangdong

HE Meihan, LIN Xuhui, LIAO Shenquan, QI Nanshan, LV Minna, CAI Haiming, SONG Yongle, CHEN Xiangjie, ZHU Yibin, SUN Mingfei, BAIYinshan, LI Juan

2026, 51(1):  23-28.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2026.01.04

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To determine the pathogens responsible for diarrhea at a large ? scale pigeon farm in Guangdong Province，this study diagnosed Cryptosporidium infection in affected pigeons using morphological identification， molecular techniques，phylogenetic analysis，and histopathological evaluation. The results confirmed infection with Cryptosporidium meleagridis （C. meleagridis），with an overall prevalence of 43.75% （7/16）. Histopathological examination revealed characteristic lesions，infiltration in the lamina propria of the ileum.. C. meleagridis is recognized as the third most common zoonotic Cryptosporidium species after C. parvum，highlighting its public health relevance. This study offers novel insights into the pathogenic causes of diarrhea in pigeons and provides critical data to support the scientific prevention and control of cryptosporidiosis in pigeon farming operations. Furthermore，the findings highlight the potential risk of fecal ? oral and waterborne transmission of this pathogen，emphasizing the need for developing effective strategies to mitigate its spread and ensure public health safety.

The Impact of Dietary Supplementation with Cardamine violifolia on Serum Biochemistry Parameters and Blood Cell Classification in Weaned Piglets

HU Yijia，CHEN Qinliang，RAN Bo，CHEN Jiamin，LIAO Aiguo，LIU Yulan，WANG Dan

2026, 51(1):  29-34.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2026.01.05

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This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with Cardamine violifolia on serum biochemical parameters and blood cell profiles in weaned piglets. Twenty?four healthy weaned piglets aged（35±1） days were randomly assigned to four treatment groups with six replicates per group. The experimental dietary regimens were as follows：（1）Control group（selenium?deficient basal diet）；（2）Sodium selenite group（basal diet+0.3 mg/kg sodium selenite）；（3）Cardamine violifolia group（basal diet + 0.3 mg/kg Cardamine violifolia）；and（4）Selenium yeast group（basal diet + 0.3 mg/kg selenium yeast）. Serum and whole blood samples were collected on days 14 and 28 of the feeding trial. The results showed that compared with the control group，dietary supplementation with Cardamine violifolia and selenium yeast significantly reduced serum levels of alanine aminotransferase，creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase（P<0.05）. Additionally，Cardamine violifolia significantly increased white blood cell count， and monocyte percentage. In contrast， dietary sodium selenite showed a significant increase in aspartate aminotransferase compared to the control（P<0.05）and increased hemoglobin concentration and mean corpuscular volume. In conclusion，Cardamine violifolia enhances immune function in piglets by modulating serum biochemical parameters and improving hematological profiles，thereby reducing inflammation，mitigating liver and muscle damage，improving lipid metabolism，and ultimately promoting the overall health.

Investigation and Analysis of Three Food􀆼borne Pathogens in the Pig Slaughterhouses in Pearl River Delta

ZHANG Zhuangzhuang ，HAN Yixin，LIU Mengzhu，KANG Huahua，XU Zhihong，TU Du

2026, 51(1):  35-40.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2026.01.06

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In order to investigate the contamination of Salmonella，Campylobacter jejuni and Escherichia coli O157：H7 in pig slaughterhouses across the Pearl River Delta region. A total of 1 509 slaughter environment and pork samples were collected from 10 different scale pig slaughterhouses in Guangzhou，Foshan，Dongguan and Zhaoqing for detection and analysis. 33 positive samples of Escherichia coli O157：H7 were detected，and the detection rate was 2.19%. 210 positive samples of Campylobacter jejuni were detected，with a detection rate of 13.92%. A total of 322 Salmonella positive samples were detected，with a detection rate of 21.34%. The results showed that the pollution of Salmonella in slaughterhouses in some areas of the Pearl River Delta was more serious，Campylobacter jejuni was widely distributed in pig slaughterhouses，and the pollution level of Escherichia coli O157：H7 was low. Some slaughterhouses have serious pollution in the slaughtering process，and there are three kinds of bacteria coexisting. It is suggested that the slaughterhouse should further optimize the slaughter process and disinfection protocols to minimize pathogenic contamination of pork carcasses by pathogenic bacteria in the slaughter environment and ensure the safety of meat.

Orthogonal Experiments for Optimizing the Feed Formula of Rice Flower Carp

XIE Yutong，MO Changsheng，WANG Guoxia，CAI Jia

2026, 51(1):  41-48.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2026.01.07

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【Objective】Rice flower carp is a valued local aquatic product within the Qingyuan rice?fish co?culture system，generating an additional income of approximately 9 000 yuan per mu. However，its slow growth rate and the lack of commercially available feed formulations constrain its productivity. This study aimed to identify the optimal feed formulation through a four?factor ，three?level orthogonal experiment design，evaluating growth performance and health status to enhance the economic returns of Rice flower carp cultivation.【Methods】A total of 945 fish with an initial body weight of（6.59±0.01）g were randomly allocated into 9 groups with 3 replicates per group and 35 fish per replicate. Nine kinds of feed were designed according to four factors，varying in dietary protein（36%，40%，44%）， lipid（4%，8%，12%），carbohydrate（24%，27%，30%），and premix（vitamin and mineral premix：0.175%， 0.35%，0.7%）levels. The feeding trial lasted for 63 days.【Results】The results show that 0.35% and 0.7% Vitamin premix and Mineral premix groups the weight gain rate is significantly higher than that of 0.175% groups（P<0.05）. The low protein group（36%）condition factor was significantly higher than the high protein group（44%）（P<0.05）. There were no significant differences in food intake，crude protein content，fat content，moisture content and ash content among all groups（P>0.05）. 36% protein group serum CHOL and LDL?CH contents was significantly higher than 44% protein group（P<0.05）；GLU in high starch group（30%）was significantly higher than that in low fat group （24%）（P<0.05）；The HDL?CH of 0.35% Vitamin premix and Mineral premix group was significantly higher than that of 0.175% level group（P<0.05）. There were no significant differences in ALT，AST，ALB，GLOB and UREA among all groups（P>0.05）.【Conclusion】In conclusion，protein level increases，condition factor decreases，serum cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol decrease，and fat metabolism increases. Carbohydrate levels increase，blood GLUcose rises；Suitable Vitamin premix and Mineral premix（0.35%）can improve the weight gain rate，facilitate the growth of carp，significantly increase HDL cholesterol，and promote the metabolism of cholesterol in peripheral tissue. Taking the weight gain rate as the evaluation index，the optimal combination is A36B8C24D0.7.

Exploring the DNA Virome in Blood of Stray DogsMetaviromic

LIU Rongqi，HUANG Rongjie，HE Mengmeng，LIANG Huixian，WANG Danzhu，LI Gen，DENG Qijing，LUO Jun，，GUO Xiaofeng

2026, 51(1):  49-62.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2026.01.08

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To investigate the composition and functional potential of DNA viral communities in stray dog blood， this study employed viral metaviromics to perform high?throughput sequencing of blood samples collected from stray dogs at a rescue center in Shenzhen. Host?derived sequences were filtered and removed，followed by analysis of short? sequence reads and assembled contigs to characterize the DNA viral community structure. The results revealed that the dominant viral orders were Herpesvirales，Caudovirales，and Cirlivirales，while the predominant genera were Varicellovirus and Circovirus. Functional gene annotation was conducted using the KEGG and COG databases. KEGG analysis identified seven major functional categories，and COG classification covered 20 functional groups. These functional categories primarily included mobile genetic elements，general function prediction，genetic information processing，multi?level functional structures，metabolism，and transcription. This study demonstrating that the DNA virome in stray dog blood from the Shenzhen region is dominated by herpesviruses，circoviruses，and bacteriophages， suggesting potential widespread immunosuppression and co?infection risk within the local stray dog population. These findings highlight significant indirect public health implications and provide a foundation for further exploration of the pathogenicity and functional roles of DNA viruses in stray dog blood.

Research Progress on Glucurolactone: Preparation Methods，Biological Functions and Applications in Animal Production

ZHAO Yingjie，NIE Xiaoyan，JIANG Zongyong，WANG Li，CAO Shuting

2026, 51(1):  63-69.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2026.01.09

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Glucuronolactone is a natural metabolic of glucose in livers of animal. Currently，it is primarily produced through chemical processes such as nitric acid oxidation of starch. It possesses diverse biological functions， including anti?inflammation and anti?oxidation，and shows potential as a novel feed additive. This review，therefore， examines the structure， physicochemical properties， production methods， and biological functions of glucuronolactone，along with its prospective applications in animal husbandry. The aim is to provide a reference for the rational development and utilization of glucuronolactone in animal production.

Serotype Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Haemophilus parasuis in a Large⁃Scale Pig Farm in Guangdong Province

Zhang Panpan

2026, 51(1):  70-74.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2026.01.10

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This study investigated the serotypes and antimicrobial resistance profiles of prevalent Haemophilus parasuis strains on a large?scale pig farm in Guangdong Province. From 2024 to 2025，277 tissue samples（including heart，lung，joint fluid，and pericardial fluid）were collected from deceased pigs suspected of H. parasuis infection. Isolation，purification，serotyping，and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of H. parasuis were conducted. The results showed that 53 strains of H. parasuis were isolated and purified from the samples based on colony characteristics and PCR identification，yielding an isolation rate of 21.2%（53/277）. The predominant serotype was type 5，accounting for 73.58%（39/53），followed by type 1 at 11.32%（6/53）. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing indicated that the isolated strains exhibited relatively high sensitivity to several antimicrobial agents，including β?lactams（amoxicillin，penicillin sodium，cefotaxime，cefazolin，cephalexin，and compound amoxicillin［amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium］），the macrolide tilmicosin，the amphenicol florfenicol，the aminoglycoside neomycin，and the polypeptide colistin sulfate.The findings reveal a complex serotype distribution and severe antimicrobial resistance situation regarding H. parasuis on this farm. This study provides crucial data to support the prevention and control of H. parasuis disease on the farm.

Research Progress and Management Strategies for Antibiotic Resistance in Livestock Production

CAI Tianning，LV Chuanzhong，JI Wenwen，WANG Yanxiao，ZHANG Xiaopeng，MENG Xiaobin，LI Yuhan

2026, 51(1):  75-81.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2026.01.11

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Although antibiotics are indispensable in animal husbandry for treating bacterial infections，their excessive use is a major contributor to the development of antibiotic resistance，posing a serious and growing challenge to the industry. Therefore，exploring the mechanisms of bacterial resistance and formulating effective control strategies are essential to curbing the proliferation of antibiotic resistance. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of current status of antibiotic usage，systematizes the various mechanisms of bacterial resistance，and reviews alternative strategies to address this issue，aiming to offer valuable insights and references for the development of new antibiotics.

Overwintering Management Strategies for Guangxi Black Goats

WU Yixuan，HU Haoran，HUANG Heng，LU Junzhi，LI Yehong，LIANG Qiong，ZENG Jun

2026, 51(1):  82-88.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2026.01.12

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Guangxi Black Goat，a representative local livestock in South China，is characterized by a medium ? sized build，well ? proportioned conformation，and glossy fur that is predominantly black，mostly black，with occasional white，yellow，or mixed coloration. It is recognized as a green breed due to its tolerance for coarse forage， strong adaptability，tender meat，and low mutton odor. These traits contribute to its high consumer acceptance and its role as a significant source of income for farmers in the mountainous northwest regions of Guangxi. However，low winter temperatures considerably affect its production performance. Enhancing winter feeding management is therefore essential to effectively mitigate weight loss，miscarriage，and mortality，thereby ensuring healthy flock growth of and improving reproductive efficiency and breeding profitability. Using Green World Farm in Wuming，Guangxi，as a case study，this article details key precautions and management strategies for overwintering black goats，focusing on four aspects：implementing cold protection and warmth measures，ensuring regular ventilation，maintaining adequate feed nutrition，and optimizing herd management. The objective is to provide scientific guidance for the local black goat breeding industry.

Construction and Practical Exploration of an Emergency Response System for Animals of Unknown Cause of Death in Public Places in Shenzhen

WANG Guilan，ZHENG Jinwen，ZHENG Dongwen，CHEN Jinhao，LAI Biqing，JIANG Guie，ZHANG Bi

2026, 51(1):  89-92.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2026.01.13

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This study systematically assessed cases involving the disposal of animals that died from unknown causes in public areas of Shenzhen during 2024. Utilizing resources from the Shenzhen Inspection and Testing Centre for Agricultural Product Quality and Safety and a network of 36 partner pet hospitals，an integrated emergency management system was established and implemented，comprising four key components：rapid response，professional diagnosis，safe disposal，and public education. During 2024，the project managed 43 incidents，leading to the safe disposal of 47 animal carcasses. A collaborative network of 36 designated pet hospitals was established across threeadministrative districts was established. Among the animals processed，felines constituted the majority，accounting for 57.45%（n=27/47）. The primary cause of death was identified as environmentally induced stress，with no major infectious diseases detected in t laboratory analyses. Nanshan District recorded the highest number of incidents （65.12%，n=28/43），followed by Futian District. Incidents during the high?temperature season（July?September） accounted for 46.5% of the total，a proportion significantly higher than in other seasons. The system demonstrated t effective control the average emergency response time within 30 minutes（23.4±4.2）min and significantly reduced carcass exposure time（<0.8 h），thereby mitigating zoonotic disease transmission risks. By integrating multi?agency collaboration，standardized operating procedures，and public engagement mechanisms，the project provides a replicable model for public health risk prevention and control in t megacities.

Advances in Detection Techniques and Epidemiological Studies of Theileria equi

DENG Miner，XUE Hong，HUANG Xueying，ZHOU Ming，ZHANG Haibing，SHEN Dan

2026, 51(1):  93-99.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2026.01.14

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Equine theileriosis is a tick ? borne disease caused by Theileria equi infection，which is globally prevalent and leads to substantial economic losses in the equine industry. Laboratory diagnostic techniques are crucial for confirmation equine theileriosis， implementing quarantine measures， and conducting epidemiological investigations. Data obtained from epidemiological surveys enhance our understanding of the disease's patterns and characteristics. This article reviews and compare the recent advancements in T. equi detection methods and provides a comprehensive overview of its global epidemiological profile across different regions. The aim is to offer valuable insights for developing effective diagnosis and integrated control strategies.

Global Trend and Import Risk Analysis of West Nile Fever in Equids（2005-2024）

WU Xiaowei，LIU Zhiling，PENG Xiaoli，LI Juan，YU Haiqiong，MEI Mingzhu

2026, 51(1):  100-106.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2026.01.15

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West Nile Fever（WNF），an arthropod ? borne illness caused by West Nile Virus（WNV），is maintained in nature through a transmission cycle involving birds as reservoirs hosts and mosquitoes as primary vectors. This study，based on the WNV infection surveillance data noticed by World Organization for Animal Health （WOAH）during 2005-2024，using the WOAH risk analysis framework—specifically，an“Introduction Assessment— Exposure Assessment—Consequence Assessment”model，systematically carries out an import risk analysis of WNF by examining the pathogenic characteristics，cross ? border transmission mechanisms and global epidemiological features of West Nile virus. The results showed that mosquito?borne transmission，migratory bird routes and animal trade were the main risk factors for the importation of WNF into China，and the import risk of WNF has remained at a medium?high level for a long time. It also proposes a risk management strategy that combines standards，quarantine and supervision. To mitigate the import risk of WNF，a risk management strategy integrating regulatory measures， strengthened quarantine，intelligent surveillance，and technological advancements. This study aims to provide a scientific foundation for China's transboundary zoonosis prevention and control efforts，safeguarding both public health security and livestock production stability.

Emergency Epidemiological Investigation of Animals Associated with a Suspected Human Case of Burkholderia Pseudomallei in Humans from Hunan Province

WANG Chaowei，QIN Yun，YANG Jie，PENG Hong，HUANG Jianlong，ZHANG Chaoyang

2026, 51(1):  107-110.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2026.01.16

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In July 2025，a suspected case of Burkholderia pseudomallei infection was reported at a municipal hospital in a certain city of Hunan Province. To determine the cause，analyze potential risk factors and inform timely control measures，an emergency field epidemiological investigation was conducted using site inspections，household interviews，and laboratory testing. Investigation results showed that contact animals exhibited normal clinical health and tested negative in the mallein test，ruling out the risk of Burkholderia pseudomallei infection. Metagenomic sequencing identified that Burkholderia multivorans as the predominant pathogen in patient samples.

A Case Report of Suspected Canine Cutaneous Pythiosis

LI Junhong，DENG Huiqun，LU Liulian，LIU Zeling，RONG Sihua，LI Yilin，LIU Hanbin

2026, 51(1):  111-115.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2026.01.17

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Pythiosis is a rare infectious disease in animals，with few clinical reports available. It poses considerable challenges in diagnosis and demonstrates limited response to therapeutic interventions. This study documents and analyzes a clinical case of pythiosis，including the diagnostic examinations，diagnostic process，and treatment outcomes，with the aim of providing veterinary clinicians with diagnostic insights and practical reference.

Monitoring and Prevention Control of Nucleic Acid Contamination in Veterinary PCR Detection Laboratories

WEI Dawei，PENG Tao，HAN Kaiou，TANG Chao，XIONG Hailin，TANG Anwen，YI Chunhua

2026, 51(1):  116-120.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2026.01.18

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PCR testing has become widely implemented in veterinary testing laboratories at all levels，yet minute nucleic acid contamination can readily compromise test results. This paper analyzes the primary sources of nucleic acid contamination and proposes an environmental surveillance protocol for veterinary laboratory PCR testing，covering sampling methods， detection techniques， monitoring frequency， and confirmation of results. Furthermore， it formulates comprehensive measures for preventing and controlling laboratory environmental contamination，including rational laboratory layout，establishment of a risk monitoring system，enhanced personnel training，appropriate placement of quality control materials，selection of optimal detection methods，and strict implementation of decontamination procedures. These integrated strategies aim to effectively control PCR contamination within veterinary laboratories，thereby reducing the occurrence of false?positive results.