Table of Content

24 April 2025, Volume 50 Issue 2

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Optimization of the Extraction Process and Analysis of the Antioxidant Activity of Phlorizin from Litchi Shell

MENG Hongru, XU Shuangyuan, LIN Zhihao, SUN Mingfei, LIU Wenjun, QI Nanshan, LI Juan, ZHANG Xiaoai, LIN Xuhui, LV Minna, CAI Haiming, SONG Yongle, CHEN Xiangjie, ZHU Yibin, ZHANG Jianfei, LI Yingxin, LIAO Shenquan

2025, 50(2):  1-7.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2025.02.01

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To optimize the extraction process of phlorizin from litchi pericarp and assess its antioxidant activity，we enhanced the extraction efficiency by optimizing several parameters，including the solid⁃liquid ratio，solvent concentration， extraction temperature，solvent pH，and extraction duration. The antioxidant activity of phlorizin was analyzed using the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays. Single⁃factor experimental results indicated the following extraction rates：a solid⁃liquid ratio of 1∶40 yielded 1.22% phlorizin，a 65% ethanol solution resulted in 1.20%，a water bath temperature of 60 ℃ produced 1.51%，and a solvent pH of 5 achieved 1.58%. After an extraction time of 60 min，the yield of phlorizin reached 1.39%. The optimized extraction conditions included a solid􀆼liquid ratio of 1∶40，65% ethanol concentration，60 ℃ temperature，pH 5，and a 60􀆼minute extraction time. These conditions yielded the extraction rate of phlorizin from litchi shell ranged between 1.16% and 1.39%. The antioxidant activity of the extracts demonstrated that the antioxidant capacity （TEAC value）of the phlorizin extract was 0.34 μg TE/μg，with a total antioxidant capacity of（4.02±1.08）mmol/g. These findings provide a scientific basis for developing antioxidant preparations derived from litchi shell.

Effects of Alfatoxin B1 on Body Composition，Hepatic Histology and Toxin Accumulation in Lateolabrax Maculatus

DONG Ruiqi, CHEN Bing, HUANG Wen, ZHAO Hongxia, ZHU Xifeng, PENG Kai

2025, 50(2):  8-13.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2025.02.02

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This study was conducted to study the effects of dietary alfatoxin B1（AFB1）on body composition，liver histomorphology and toxin accumulation of Lateolabrax maculatus. A total of 480 L. maculatus with an initial body weight of（2.90±0.02）g were randomly divided into 4 groups with 3 replicates per group and 40 fish per replicate. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets，that are the basal diet G0（without AFB1），G0.1（adding 0.1 mg/kg of AFB1）， G0.5（adding 0.5 mg/kg of AFB1）and G1.0（adding 1.0 mg/kg of AFB1），were fed to apparent satiation during the 56⁃ day feeding trial. Inclusion of 0.1-1.0 mg/kg AFB1 in diets did not affect body composition of fish（P>0.05），but induced liver tissue injury. With dietary AFB1 increasing，the degeneration and necrosis degree of hepatocytes and fat vacuolization became more serious. AFB1 accumulation in the liver of fish was higher than that in muscle，which was increased with dietary AFB1 increasing（P<0.05）. In conclusion，dietary inclusion of 0.1-1.0 mg/kg AFB1 induced liver tissue injury of L. maculatus. AFB1 accumulation in liver of fish was higher than that in muscle，and was positively correlated with the supplemental level of AFB1 in diets.

Development and Optimization of Trichomonas Gallinae Infected Animal Model

Jiang Jiahao, Cai Haiming, Liao Shenquan, Qi Nanshan, Li Juan, Lv Minna, Lin Xuhui, Song Yongle, Chen Xiangjie, Zhu Yibin, Zhang Jianfei, Liu Wenjun, Sun Mingfei

2025, 50(2):  14-22.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2025.02.03

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Abstract：In this study，different methods and doses for infecting animals with Trichomonas gallinae were compared to determine the optimal modeling approach using various evaluation indices. Thirty uninfected squabs were randomly divided into six groups（n=5 per group）：PBS control group，0.3% Agar+TYM control group，conventional infection group，double infection group，throat spray infection group，and 0.3% Agar+TYM infection group. Each infected squab received a dose of 1×107 T. gallinae organisms daily for five consecutive days. Results showed that only the 0.3% Agar+TYM infection group achieved a 100% infection rate and exhibited a 20% mortality rate. The absolute and relative weight gains in the double infection，throat spray infection，and 0.3% Agar+TYM infection groups were significantly lower than those in+thein the PBS control group. The liver weight and relative liver weight in the 0.3% Agar+TYM infection group were significantly reduced compared to the PBS control group. Similarly，the mean lung weight and relative lung weight in the double infection group were significantly lower than those in the PBS control group. The highest T. gallinae concentrations in oral and pharyngeal swabs were consistently observed in the 0.3% Agar + TYM infection group throughout the study period. To further optimize the 0.3% Agar + TYM method，forty uninfected squabs were divided into eight groups（n=5 per group）：PBS control group，0.4% Agar+TYM control group，and six infection groups using different Agar+TYM concentrations（0.2%，0.3%，and 0.4%）at both low（1× 106）and high（1×107）doses of T. gallinae per day for five consecutive days. All infection groups except for the 0.4% Agar+TYM high⁃dose group achieved 100% infection rates. All infected groups，except the 0.2% Agar+TYM high⁃ dose group，showed significantly lower mean and relative weight gains compared to the PBS control group. The liver weight and relative liver weight were significantly reduced in the 0.3% Agar+TYM low⁃dose，0.3% Agar+TYM high⁃ dose，and 0.4% Agar+TYM high⁃dose infection groups compared to the PBS control group. T. gallinae concentrations in oral and pharyngeal swabs showed a gradual increase from day 3 to day 7 in both the 0.3% Agar+TYM and 0.4% Agar+TYM high⁃dose infection groups. In conclusion，the optimal infection protocol was determined to be 0.3% Agar+ TYM as the suspension medium using a dose of 1×106 T. gallinae organisms per squab administered daily for five consecutive days. This established animal model provides a foundation for anti⁃T. gallinae drug screening studies and studies on T. gallinae invasion mechanisms.

Development of Quantitative PCR Method based on SYBR GreenⅠFluorescence for Detecting Subgroup F Avian Leukosis Virus

PAN Honyan, LI Jinqun, LI Qi, YUAN Yilin, CAO Weisheng

2025, 50(2):  23-29.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2025.02.04

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To accurately detect subgroup F avian leukosis virus（ALV⁃F），a pair of specific primers F1/F2 were designed according to the env gene of the ALV⁃F epidemic strains，and a SYBR Green Ⅰ fluorescence quantitative PCR detection method for ALV⁃F was established. The condition optimization experiment results showed that the optimal annealing temperature was 64.5 ℃，and the optimal primer concentration was 0.4 μM. The standard curve equation established using the optimal reaction conditions was y=-3.303x+42.525，R²=0.997，amplification efficiency E=100.8% ，and the copy number of the standard plasmid had a good linear relationship with the Ct value. The specificity results showed that this method can only specifically detect ALV⁃F，and has no cross⁃reaction to ALV⁃A， ALV⁃B，ALV⁃J，ALV⁃K，avian influenza virus（AIV），Marek's virus（MDV），reticuloendotheliosis virus（REV） and chicken infectious anemia virus（CIAV）. The sensitivity results showed that the minimum detection limit of standard plasmid was 4.67×102 copies/μL，and the sensitivity was 1000 times that of routine PCR. The reproducibility results showed that the coefficient of variation of intra⁃assay and inter⁃assay reproducibility was less than 2%. 23 primary cell（PEF）samples prepared from pheasant embryos were detected by using this method，ALV p27 ELISA and routine PCR respectively，and the results showed that the positive detection rates of this method and PCR method were both 95.65%（22/23），while the positive detection rate of ALV p27 ELISA was only 39.13%（9/23）. The total consistency rate of this method with routine PCR was 100%，while the total consistency rate with ALV p27 ELISA was 43.48%. 20 anticoagulated blood samples of pheasant were further detected by using this method，virus isolation method through ALV p27 ELISA and routine PCR method，and the results showed that the positive detection rates of this method and ordinary PCR method were 100.00%（20/20）and 75.00%（15/20），respectively，with an overall compliance rate of 75.00%，while the positive detection rate of the virus isolation method was 0.00%（0/20）. All results indicated that the method established in this study has good specificity，sensitivity and stability to provide technical support for the accurate detection of ALV⁃F.

Genetic Evolution Analysis of Novel Duck Reovirus σC Protein and Preparation of Polyclonal Antibodies

ZHONG Richeng, LIN Yinsheng, ZHANG Jipei

2025, 50(2):  30-36.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2025.02.05

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Novel duck reovirus（NDRV）is capable of inducing a contagious disease in waterfowl，including ducks，Beijing ducks，and geese，which is primarily characterized by irregular hemorrhaging and necrosis of the liver and spleen. In recent years，the incidence of this disease in waterfowl in Guangdong Province has been on the rise. In order to understand the genetic evolution characteristics of the novel duck enteritis virus in Guangdong Province，a strain of NDRV was isolated from affected Muscovy ducks in a duck farm in Foshan，Guangdong. Analysis of the σC gene sequence of this strain revealed that it belongs to the same branch as NDRV，with nucleotide similarity ranging from 95.1% to 99.6%. The genetic distance from typical MDRV and ARV was far，with similarities below 50%. Compared to the SH12 and DH13 strains，this strain showed variations in 15 amino acid residues. To understand the antigenicity of the σC protein of this strain，a pET32a⁃σC plasmid was further constructed，and a method for stable expression of recombinant σC protein in BL21（DE3）was established. Western blot analysis confirmed that this protein can specifically bind to NDRV⁃positive serum and rabbit polyclonal antibodies. This study provides a reference for further understanding the genetic evolution characteristics of NDRV in waterfowl in Guangdong Province and the development of gene⁃engineered vaccines.

Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Bovine Colostrum Powder on Growth，Antioxidant，Anti⁃inflammatory and Immune Indexs in Adult Cats

REN Yang, TANG Wu, DANG Han, WANG Yingchun

2025, 50(2):  37-45.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2025.02.06

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This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementing bovine colostrum powder （BCP） on growth performance， fecal scores， blood routine indicators， serum biochemical markers， antioxidant capacity，anti⁃inflammatory capacity and immune function of adult cats. Sixteen adult neutered British blue shorthair cats（eight males and eight females），were randomly divided into two groups with eight replicates in each group. The cats in the control group were fed a basal diet，and the cats in trial group were fed with basal diet with 0.05% BCP. The pretrial period lasted for 7 days and the formal trial period lasted for 28 days. One day before formal trial period，Initial body weights were measured. The daily feed intake of each cat was recorded during the trial. On days 14 and 28，after fasting，body weight was measured and blood samples were collected for serum biochemistry， blood routine，serum antioxidant，anti⁃inflammatory and immune indicators. Fecal scores were measured on days 1， 7，14，21 and 28. The results are as follows：（1）Compared with the control group，there was no significant effect on the growth performance and fecal score of the experimental group（P>0.05）.（2）The platelet distribution width，total platelet count and platelet hematocrit were significantly increased on day 14（P<0.05），while the mean volume of red blood cells decreased significantly on day 28（P<0.05）.（3）On the 14th day，in terms of the experimental group，the value of urea nitrogen/creatinine（BUN/GREA）increased significantly（P<0.05）（. 4）The levels of malondialdehyde in the experimental group were significantly decreased on the 14th and 28th days（P<0.05）.（5）On the 28th day，in terms of the experimental group，the levels of interleukin 4 and interleukin 10 were significantly increased（P<0.05）， and the levels of tumor necrosis factor⁃α were significantly decreased（P<0.05）（. 6）The level of complement 3（C3）in the experimental group increased significantly on day 14（P<0.05）. It is concluded that adding 0.05% BCP to the diet of adult cats had no negative impacts on growth performance and nutrient digestion of adult cats，but can improve the ability of blood nitrogen metabolism，improve the body's anti ⁃ inflammatory，antioxidant and immune functions， enhance the ability of adult cats to cope with environmental stress，and care for the health of adult cats.

Advances and Lessons of Foreign Broiler Breeding Industry

LI Weimin, LUO Wei, JI Jian, LUO Chenglong

2025, 50(2):  46-50.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2025.02.07

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This paper systematically summarizes the advances of the White⁃feathered broiler breeding industry in concerned developed countries，such as the United States，France，and the Netherlands. It also analyzes the two leading commercial breeding enterprises that dominate the white⁃feathered broiler chicken breed sources：Aviagen，a subsidiary of the German EW Group，and Cobb⁃Vantress，a subsidiary of the Tyson Foods，Inc. of the United States. And thus，the successful experiences and lessons that can be learnt from foreign white⁃feathered broiler chicken breeding are condensed，which can help formulate our strategies for ensuring the security and self⁃sufficiency of broiler breeding industry.

Effects of Probiotics on Meat Quality of Pigs

CUI Yiyan, ZHOU Ningqiang, MAI Xiaopeng, HUANG Zijun, TANG Ke, LUO Xuehui, MA Xianyong, YU Miao

2025, 50(2):  51-58.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2025.02.08

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Meat quality is one of the determining factors for consumers' decision to purchase pork. More and more research is dedicated to producing high- quality and delicious pork to meet the needs of consumers. At present, Bacillus and lactic acid bacteria are probiotics commonly used to improve pork quality, which can improve meat color, reduce drip loss and shear force, increase the content of muscle nutrients and flavor substances, and enhance meaty traits and nutritional value in pork. Probiotics regulate the expression of genes related to nutrient metabolism, improving intestinal metabolism and deposition of fat and protein in meat. It can also affect the expression of genes related to fiber type, growth and development of muscle, reduce muscle lipid peroxidation by maintaining cell membrane integrity, lower water loss rate, and thus improve meat quality. This article reviews commonly used probiotics and their applications in meat quality of pigs, in order to provide scientific basis for the application of probiotics in improving meat quality.

Biological Functions of Lactobacillus Reuteri and its Application in Animal Nutrition

LIANG Xinxiao

2025, 50(2):  59-65.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2025.02.09

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Lactobacillus reuteri is a beneficial Lactobacillus that exists in the intestinal tract of humans and animals，and has attracted extensive attention due to its various biological functions such as immune regulation and antibacterial. The article mainly reviewed the biological functions of Lactobacillus reuteri，its application in animal nutrition，and the research prospect，which may provide a useful reference for the deeper application of Lactobacillus reuteri in animal nutrition.

Application of Molecular Marker⁃assisted Technique of Recessive White Feather and Dwarf Gene in New Resource Luokeng Chicken

YAN Xia, WANG Chunlan, LI Jing, XU Xinchun, CHEN Weisen, HE Yanhua, CHEN Xihao

2025, 50(2):  66-70.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2025.02.10

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To quickly find out the variety characteristics of the new resources of Luokeng chicken，in this study， molecular assisted marker technology involving recessive white⁃feathered （TYR）allele and Z⁃linked dw allele were performed. Consequently，46 heterozygous recessive white⁃feathered individuals were detected，the frequency of the heterozygous recessive white⁃feathered allele in the F0 and F1 generation were 11% and 13.67%，respectively and no Z⁃linked dw allele individual were detected across 356 samples. Altogether，the potential recessive white⁃feathered heterozygotes were totally eliminated within one generation，thus laying a foundation for the further genetic protection of Luokeng chicken.

Research Progress and Application Prospect of Navigation Mechanism in Pigeon

SHAO Linlei, CHEN Peiqi, XIE Zeting, XU Haoze, LIN Suiyuan, LIN Chuanghao, GUO Shiqi, WU Zhongping, CHEN Yitian, LIANG Yayan, ZHANG Xumeng

2025, 50(2):  71-78.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2025.02.11

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In ancient times，pigeons became communication tools due to their navigation ability and good homing performance. Although researchers have extensively explored the navigation mechanism of pigeons over the years，its navigation mechanism is still unclear. This article elaborates on the current research on pigeon flight navigation mechanism from the perspective of natural factors such as solar compass，geomagnetic field，visual clues，olfactory clues，etc. It clarifies that pigeons use solar information as the primary clue to guide navigation behavior，and use geomagnetic information，sensory information，etc. to assist navigation. It also introduces the research progress of using pigeon flight navigation mechanism to develop biological robots，manned flight，and navigation technology，and looks forward to the future development of related technologies. This article summarizes the theoretical research， development，and application of pigeon flight navigation mechanism，providing materials for the future application of related technologies.

Causes of Odor in Pet Feces and its Improvement Mechanism

LUO Jun, LUO Huayi, DENG Baichuan

2025, 50(2):  79-85.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2025.02.12

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The problem of pet feces is not only related to the health status of pets，but also closely related to environmental sanitation and human health. This paper reviews the causes of pet manure odor，odor components and the research and application progress of pet manure deodorization technology. From the perspective of safety， efficiency and sustainable development，the research hotspots of pet manure deodorization were summarized， including specific nutrient regulation，microbial deodorization and biological enzymatic deodorization. In view of the complexity of odor components，a comprehensive strategy from both source and end application is proposed. Application in the source，improve the digestion and absorption rate of nutrients，reduce the formation of odor precursors；in the end application，the transformation and degradation of malodorous organic matter，improve the efficiency of manure deodorization，in order to improve the pet environment and create a harmonious ecology of human pet symbiosis to provide a reference.

Reasearch Progress on Animal Models of Corneal Defects in Laboratory Animals

LIN Renzhao, LIUYan, TANG Yantao, ZHU Hongchen, GAO Yanan, CHEN Qiang

2025, 50(2):  86-90.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2025.02.13

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The review provides a systematic compilation of key preparation techniques，evaluation criteria，and their applications and limitations in ophthalmic research in animal models of corneal defects. By simulating human corneal epithelial injury in animal corneas by means of physical scraping or chemical burns，these models are essential for unraveling the mechanisms of corneal repair，screening drugs and developing new therapies. Despite the structural differences between animal and human corneas and the challenges of model reproducibility，models can be effectively evaluated by fluorescein staining，slit lamp microscopy，and anterior eye segment OCT. Further research shall be devoted to improving the clinical utility of the model and translating the findings into clinical applications to improve the outcomes of patients with keratoconus，thereby improving the quality of life of the patients.

Research Progress on the Application of Frozen Semen Insemination Technology in Beef Cattle Reproduction

LING Xinhua, ZENG Jia, XU Guobao, ZHONG Shujuan, LIU Xinglong, ZHONG Xiongsheng, TU Ke, LAi Song'en

2025, 50(2):  91-96.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2025.02.14

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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the application effect and influence of cold essence breeding technology in beef cattle breeding. By summarizing the principle and development history of cold essence breeding technology，combining with the current situation and existing problems of beef cattle breeding in China，the operation process，influencing factors and strategies to improve the success rate of cold essence breeding technology in beef cattle breeding were analyzed. Previous studies have shown that cold􀆼essence breeding technology can significantly improve the breeding efficiency of beef cattle，improve the production performance of offspring，and improve economic benefits. This technology provides a new idea and method for beef cattle breeding and has a broad application prospect.

Evaluation and Application of Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate in Slaughterhouses Disinfection

YOU Xiaonan, LIU Rongqi, TIAN Jianjun, WANG Runliang, ZHUO Xuejiu, KAN Shifu

2025, 50(2):  97-103.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2025.02.15

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To determine the optimal concentration and optimal retention time of sodium dichloroisocyanurate in the slaughtering workshop and pig lairage of slaughterhouses，and the disinfection at different points，this experiment used the viable cell counting method to detect the difference in the number of microorganisms before and after disinfection and studied the disinfection effect of sodium dichloroisocyanurate in the workshop and pig lairage of slaughterhouse. The results show that，considering the cost⁃effectiveness，this experiment chose an effective chlorine concentration of 450 mg/L for disinfection of the slaughtering workshop. The spray volume was controlled at 200 mL/ m2，and the disinfectant was kept in contact more than 15 minutes. Most areas were able to achieve the disinfection effect. The applicable concentration of sodium dichloroisocyanurate in the pig lairage is considered to be 200 mg/L of effective chlorine，with a spray volume of 250 ml/m2. Disinfection for more than 15 minutes can achieve an effect on the ground and walls of the pig lairage．

The Value and Significance of Air Filtration Technique in the Current Iteration and Upgrading of Biosafety

ZHAO Wenkai, LIU Bowen, ZHU Guojun, WANG LianXiang

2025, 50(2):  104-109.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2025.02.16

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Porcine viral diseases damage the health of pig herds and constrain the development of the global pig farming industry. It has a wide variety，including major airborne diseases such as African swine fever and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory syndrome. The article summarizes the biosafety system and iterative direction in the pig industry，and elaborates the value and significance of air filtration technology in the current iterative upgrade of biosecurity through existing research and clinical evidence. Meanwhile，The article introduces the operational principle，scheme design，mode selection and key points of operation and maintenance of the air filtration system， providing reference and inspiration for the application of the air filtration system in the construction of the biosecurity system and pig farms.

Effects of Different Antipruritic Drugs in Canine Pruritus

SHI Guanwen, OU Zhaojia, LONG Haibin, RAO Gan, HE Jiaxin, HU Minhua

2025, 50(2):  110-116.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2025.02.17

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In order to improve the management of dog pruritus and improve the quality of life and animal welfare， 18 dogs with“severe pruritus”grade were selected by visual analogue scale（PVAS）. Olatinib maleate，IL ⁃ 31 monoclonal antibody， peramine， dexamethasone and prednisolone were used respectively. The onset speed， antipruritic effect and adverse reactions of the drugs were compared. The results showed that olatinib had the most rapid and significant antipruritic effect after 4 hours of treatment，and IL ⁃ 31 monoclonal antibody had the most significant antipruritic effect after 8，24，48 and 72 hours of treatment. Dexamethasone and prednisolone caused a significant increase in white blood cells and neutrophils in the affected dogs，and the other treatments were normal. In conclusion，olatinib maleate and IL ⁃ 31 monoclonal antibody have obvious advantages in the speed of onset， antipruritic effect and safety.

Analysis of Rabies Antibody Monitoring Resnlts in Dogs and Cats in Guangzhou City

CHEN Yu, HUANG Xueying, ZHU Jiancui, CHEN Yuhua, ZHOU Ming, ZHONG Zhuoling, ZHANG Haibing, LIN Hong, LIN Hao, ZHANG Qi, SHEN Dan

2025, 50(2):  117-120.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2025.02.18

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In order to evaluate the immune effect of rabies in dogs and cats in Guangzhou，samples of dog and cat serum（1 768 dog serum and 266 cat serum）in Guangzhou were collected for rabies antibody monitoring from 2019 to 2023，and the results were statistically analyzed in this study. The antibody qualification rates of dogs from 2019 to 2023 were 87.99%，78.25%，80.99%，82.61%，and 88.22%，while of the cats were 75.00%，81.82%，100.00%， 95.35%，and 80.00%. The average qualification rate of rabies immune antibodies in dogs and cats was 83.53%. It was concluded that the overall situation of rabies immunization in dogs and cats in Guangzhou is good，but it is still necessary to further strengthen the rabies immunization and monitoring work to reduce the risk of the rabies transmission.