Table of Content

19 June 2023, Volume 48 Issue 3

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The epidemic of Piglet Diarrhea and Research Progress in Prevention and Control Technology

LIU Shiyu ，LI Bin

2023, 48(3):  1-7.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2023.03.01

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Piglet diarrheal diseases have acute onset，large scale，rapid onset and high annual average incidence in swine herd，posing a huge threat to the global pig industry and leading to heavy economic losses. The causes of piglet diarrhea are complex and the main pathogens，causing piglet diarrhea，have the characteristics of natural recombination，continuous variation，a wide host spectrum and a variety of serotypes. With the emergency of more mutated pathogens，serious co ? infection and reduced vaccine protection，there is an urgent need to develop more sensitive and accurate tools，safer and more effective vaccines and to upgrade existing integrated prevention and control technologies. In this review，we summarize the causes of piglet diarrhea，the epidemic status，the key technologies research progress of integrated prevention and control，and propose to accurate diagnosis，rational selection of vaccines and strict feeding management，providing a basis and reference on the diagnosis and control of the disease.

Research and Application Progress of Natural Alternatives to Antibiotics for Animal

JU Xianghong

2023, 48(3):  8-17.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2023.03.02

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The huge consumption of antibiotics by human and animal industry in the world has resulted in severe problems of bacterial resistance and drug residue，the rate and probability of the occurrence of“superbacteria” increased significantly，presenting threat to human and animal health. Although developed countries such as the Europe union and the United States of American，and our country，have successively issued a series of policies to decrease the consumption of antibiotics，its use in some developing countries such as Africa and Southeast Asia，still is insufficiently supervised and excessive used，and the long?term threat of bacterial resistance still exists. Therefore， the search of effective natural products to reduce the use of antibiotics is vital. Now，Chinese herbal medicine， probiotics，antimicrobial peptides，acidifiers，enzyme，and animal used marine drugs，all showed excellent antibacterial，anti?inflammatory，immunity enhancement，and growth?promoting functions. A green，antibiotics?free breeding technology in animal industry is of tendency in future. This paper reviewed the current situation of antibiotics used in China，as well as the antibiotics replacement products，focused on their function and acting mechanism， problems occurred in usage，and possible solutions for dealing with these problems.

The Formation and Decomposition Mechanism of typical Odor Components Indole and 3􀆼methylindole of Livestock and Poultry Farms

Deng Dun ，Yu qin ，Wen Guangying ，Ma Xinyan ，LU Yusheng ，Ma Xianyong

2023, 48(3):  18-23.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2023.03.03

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Due to frequent environmental cases caused by the foul odor of farming, the reduction of odor emissions in farms has become increasingly urgent. This article focuses on the formation mechanisms, degradation methods, and problems in the prevention and control process of typical odor components such as indole and 3?methylindole in livestock and poultry farms. Tryptophan is the source of indole and 3?methylindole formation, and using fermented feed, acidifiers, and probiotics can control the formation of indole at the source. Changing the intestinal pH can significantly reduce thegeneration of 3?methylindole. Adding microorganisms and enzyme preparations can effectively control the formation of indole and 3?methylindole during manure storage. When designing pig pens, consider using environmental control equipment and enhancing physical odor elimination methods to further reduce the generation and spread of indole class malodorous substances, and achieve systematic control of their formation and transmission. This article provides a reference for scientific prevention and control of malodorous pollutants in farms.

Processing Technology Requirements of Meat Prepared Dishes Based on Traditional Cooking

LIU Mengzhu ，KANG Huahua ，TU Du ，HAN Yixin ，TAN Shu ，ZHEN Rui ，XU Zhihong

2023, 48(3):  24-29.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2023.03.04

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Livestock and poultry meat prepared dishes refer to the finished or semi ?? finished cooking products with livestock and poultry meat as the main raw materials，which are used as staple dishes after processing. Based on the basic characteristics and development status of prepared dishes，this paper compares the characteristics of the industrialization of traditional livestock and poultry meat cooking dishes and meat prepared dishes，summarizes the Chinese and Western traditional processing technology of livestock and poultry meat products，and proposes the technical requirements and suggestions for the development of prepared dishes accordingly. We aim to provide reference for scientific and technological innovation to promote the rapid industrial development of livestock and poultry meat prepared dishes.

A Genome􀆼wide Association Study in Landrace Sows during Weaning􀆼to􀆼service Interval

CHEN Xinyou1 ，LIN Qing1 ，ZHANG Xiaoke1 ，LI Tingting1 ，WAN Pengchong1 ，LIN Changguang2 ， HUAGN Zhen3 ，XIE Shuihua4 ，ZHANG Hao1 ，LI Jiaqi1*

2023, 48(3):  30-34.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2023.03.05

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The aim of this study was to detect candidate genes affecting the weaning ? to ? service interval of Landrace sows through the genome?wide association analysis（GWAS），in order to provide theoretical references for swine breeding in China. In this study, the weaning?to?service interval records and 50K gene data of 1 063 Landrace sows in a core breeding farm in China were used as research materials, and genome ? wide association analysis was performed by mixed linear models of GEMMA software to identify important loci. The results showed that there were 5significant SNPs in the first and third parity of Landrace sows. Haplotype analysis was performed on the 5 significant locus and 4 haplotype blocks were obtained. The screened genes of BTG1, FUT1, FUT2, SCNN1G, and CBLB may be the important genes affecting the weaning?to?servce interval traits. The results of this study can provide the reference for future practice of swine breeding.

Effect of Dietary Tryptophan Level on Antioxidant Ability in Laying Duck Breeders

ZHANG Yanan，HUANG Xuebing，JIN Yongyan，LAI Yue，LI Kaichao，ZHENG Chuntian

2023, 48(3):  35-41.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2023.03.06

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This study aimed to determine the effect of dietary tryptophan（Trp）levels on antioxidant ability and Trp requirement for laying duck breeders. A total of 504 Longyan breeding ducks（body weight：1.20 ± 0.02 kg）aged 22 weeks were randomly allocated to 6 treatments，each with 6 replicates of 14 ducks. During the following 16 weeks，birds of differenttreatments were fed the basal diet with total Trp contents of 1.00，2.00，3.00，4.00，5.00 and 6.00 g/kg，respectively. The results showed that the dietary Trp level of 2 g/kg could result in the highest T?SOD activity in plasma（P<0.05），and the plasma serotonin content increased linearly and quadratically with dietary Trp supplemental levels（P<0.05）. The content of T?SOD and T?AOC in liver increased linearly and quadratically，and hepatic MDA content was lowest with dietary Trp level being 2 g/kg（P<0.05）. The gene expression of hepatic GPx1，SOD and Nrf2 increased linearly and quadratically， and the highest values was with Trp level of 4，2 and 1 g/kg，respectively（P<0.05）. The content of T?SOD and T?AOC in jejunum increased linearly and quadratically，and jejunal MDA content was lowest with the dietary Trp level of 3 g/kg（P< 0.05）. The gene expression of jejunal HO?1 and Nrf2 increased linearly and quadratically（P<0.05）. Collectively，dietary Trp level of 2 to 3 g/kg could improve the antioxidant ability in plasma，liver and jejunum in laying breeding ducks.

Development and Clinical Pathogenic Characterization of Bovine Mastitis Models Caused by Escherichia coli

FAN Junwen ，TIAN Chongyu ，LI Huabin ，SHI Bochang ，LI Xinyu ，LI Chunhe ，TAN Lingyun ，HE Wei ， LIU Yuan ，YAN Fang ，ZHAO Zhongpeng

2023, 48(3):  42-48.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2023.03.07

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In order to better evaluate the effectiveness of preventative vaccines and therapeutic drugs，we aimed to establish a stable dairy cow mastitis model，which may provide a reliable way to verify the concept of“human disease and animal prevention”for extensively infectious diseases. Milk samples from dairy cows with clinical mastitis were collected from different regions of China. Different strains of E.coli were used to infect 6-8 weeks old Balb/c mice and 2- 6 years old healthy susceptible cows in late stage of lactation respectively after bacterial isolation and identification. The infectivity and pathogenicity of the different strains against mice and dairy cows were determined， and strong virulent strains with high pathogenicity for both species were chosen for in vivo infection. The susceptible cows were inoculated with the selected candidate virulent strains，and the differences of clinical manifestations，daily milk yields，milk bacterial counts and somatic cell counts were recorded. Meanwhile，the mice were infected by the same strains，and the clinical symptoms and death of mice were recorded to establish a stable animal model of E.coli infection. Results：Three virulent E.coli strains（LZ06，ESH05，EHL11） of different serotypes were obtained，which could induce typical clinical mastitis in dairy cows and death in mice. The mastitis models in dairy cows and a lethal model in mice were finally established using virulent strain LZ06. Conclusion：The virulent strains of E.coli causing mastitis were successfully screened，and the animal mastitis model was successfully established，which could be used to evaluate the protective effects of vaccines or medicine. This study provided the new method and strategy for evaluating the concept of“human disease and animal prevention”for zoonosis.

Application of Manganese in Broiler Production

LIU Yu，CHEN Lixue，CUI Xiaoyan*

2023, 48(3):  49-51.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2023.03.08

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Manganese is one of the essential trace elements for livestock and poultry，and plays an important role in the breeding of livestock and poultry，especially in poultry. Manganese is an important component or activator in the biosynthesis of various enzymes，which is closely related to broilers’growth，bone development，reproduction，and immunity. Both the deficiency and excess of manganese will have a greater negative impact on broilers. Manganese is mainly added in the form of inorganic manganese（manganese sulfate，manganese oxide，manganese chloride and manganese carbonate，etc.）and organic manganese（protein manganese and amino acid manganese，etc.）. Studies have shown that organic manganese has a higher biological availability than inorganic manganese but is expensive. In broiler chicken production，how to efficiently select different forms of manganese according to the appropriate amount of manganese in broiler feed is particularly important，to improve the growth performance of broiler chickens. At the same time，reduce the adverse impact on the ecological environment caused by excessive manganese discharge. In the present article，the biological characteristics，added forms，added amounts，and application prospects of organic manganese were reviewed，to provide theoretical support for the efficient and reasonable application of manganese in broiler production.

Research Progress of Aquaponics Technology

LI Zhenmming ，YU Miao ，RONG Ting ，LIU Zhichang ，LI Shuhong ，MA Xianyong ，CHEN Weidong

2023, 48(3):  52-56.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2023.03.09

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With the development of aquaculture，large ? scale，intensive and high ? density aquaculture not only bring huge economic benefits，but also bring many environmental problems. At present，aquaculture not only consumes a lot of water resources and nutrients，but also brings a great burden to the ecological environment. The fish and vegetable symbiosis technology has effectively solved many problems by aquaculture. Aquaponics is a new type of compound farming system with low?carbon，simple and convenient，high yield and no secondary pollution. This paper discusses the development history，system components，and functional applications of aquaponics technology，and provides an outlook on the future development direction of aquaponics technology.

An Overview on the Application of the Combined Farming and Breeding Model in Aquaculture

RONG Ting ，LI Zhenmming ，YU Miao ，CUI Yiyan ，LI Yuanfei ，TIAN Zhimei ， MA Xianyong， CHEN Weidong

2023, 48(3):  57-62.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2023.03.10

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Aquaculture consumes a large amount of freshwater resources and nutrients，which is very likely to cause environmental damage and water pollution，and seriously restrict the development of aquaculture industry.Therefore，it is urgent to develop a green recycable and sustainable aquaculture model. The application of the combined farming and breeding model can effectively alleviate many related problems and promote the rapid development of aquaculture. There are various models for the application of combined farming and breeding in aquaculture，including the“aquaponics”，“rice?fish”，and“mulberry?based fish pond”model. The main applications of the combined farming and breeding model in aquaculture are to improve water quality，regulate the temperature of the water environment，enrich biological diversity，beautify the ecological environment，and improve the economic benefits. This paper provides an overview，including the current application and problems，and presents an outlook on the future research directions of the combined farming and breeding model，in order to provide a reference and basis for the application of the combined farming and breeding model in the aquaculture industry.

Exploration on Construction of African Swine Fever Free Community in Small and Medium􀆼sized Swine Production Enterprises

LIU Jinfang ，LUO Lixia ，LI Chi ，LUO Shunhui ，RONG Biao ，WANG Aimin ，SU Huilong ， XU Wenyuan ，ZHANG Yilong

2023, 48(3):  63-67.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2023.03.11

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The construction of African swine fever ?free plots is an important initiative implemented in China to combat the African swine fever epidemic. This paper discusses the implementation，supporting，and institutional issues facing the construction of African swine fever?free plots in small and medium?sized pig farms. From the actual plant planning，decontamination prevention and control，and system construction，we analyze the key points of African swine fever epidemic?free plot construction，common problems in applying for African swine fever epidemic? free plots，and summarize the initiatives suitable for small and medium?sized pig breeding enterprises in the process of building African swine fever epidemic?free plots.

Effect of Heat Stress on Beef Cattle Production and its Regulating Measures

LI Yilin，LI Yaokun，GUO Yongqing*

2023, 48(3):  68-75.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2023.03.12

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In order to understand the effects of heat stress on beef cattle production and take measures to prevent heat stress，this paper mainly expounds the influence of heat stress on beef cattle from the aspects of various biochemical indexes，production performance，reproductive performance and so on. Meanwhile，based on this，the regulation measures on heat stress of beef cattle are summarized. Various studies have found that heat stress conditions have great negative effects on various physiological behaviors， biochemical indexes， production performance，reproductive performance and immune function of beef cattle. In addition，various studies have put forward various regulatory measures for the prevention of heat stress in beef cattle，including prevention and control of physical facilities，regulation of feed nutrition and regulation of feeding management，so as to solve the problem of heat stress in key beef cattle breeding in southern China. Based on this，this paper summarized the influence of heat stress on beef cattle production under high temperature in summer and the regulation measures of heat stress，in order to provide reference for beef cattle breeding under heat stress conditions in southern China.

Experience on the Treatment of Two Pyometra Cases

ZHENG Yongfeng ，FU Anjing ，HUANG Mingying

2023, 48(3):  76-79.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2023.03.13

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There are two types of pyometra: open pyometra and atretic pyometra. Pyometra is an obstetric disease of female dogs with the highest incidence rate in clinic，which is commonly seen in the middle and late stages of estrus in female dogs， and adult non ? sterilized female dogs. Through the comprehensive analysis and diagnosis of epidemiological inquiry，clinical examination，blood work and diagnostic imaging，the disease can be confirmed. Generally，it cannot be cured by conservative treatment，and surgery is needed. This paper analyzed two cases of pyometra treated in clinic，and the patients recovered well after hysterectomy and ovariectomy，aiming at providing reference for colleagues.

A Case Report on Co􀆼infection of Porcine Circovirus Type 3 and Candida parapsilosis in Sows

XUE Shaohua ，LÜ Zixin ，ZHANG Xinjie ，WEI Meirui ，HUANG Zixin ，LIN Xinlong ，HUANG Siqiong ， HUA Xiantong ，DAI Ailing ，YANG Xiaoyan ，YU Guohua

2023, 48(3):  80-84.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2023.03.14

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In June 2022，sows in a large??scale pig farm in Longyan City，Fujian Province were reported ill in succession. The main clinical symptoms include slight swollen knee joints，reluctant to move or even difficulty instanding. In order to find out the causes of the disease，pathological examination was carried out on the diseased pigs. Blood samples were collected for nucleic acid detection of common pathogens and knee joint synovial fluid samples were collected for the isolation of microorganisms. The results showed that no obvious pathological changes were found in the main organs. The nucleic acid detection results of blood samples showed that porcine circovirus type 3（PCV3） was positive and no other major pathogens were detected. Microscopic examination of the microbial culture product of knee joint synovial fluid sample showed that there was yeast ?like fungus. PCR amplification and DNA sequencing of the cultured products showed that the yeast ?like fungus was Candida parapsilosis. Conclusion：This case is a mixed infection of PCV?3 and Candida parapsilosis. According to the literature，this is the first case in the world to report that Candida parapsilosis caused deep knee joint infection in pigs and Candida parapsilosis was successfully isolated from knee joint synovial fluid.