Table of Content

23 August 2022, Volume 47 Issue 4

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The risk，prevention，and control of stress related diseases in large⁃scale swine farms

JU Xianghong

2022, 47(4):  1-8.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2022.04.01

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With the increasing of pig industry scale in China，the risk of various stress pathogenic factors is serious to host health. Stress not only leads to the decline of production performance，such as feed intake，daily weight gain，meat quality，and reproduction rate of pigs，but also causes the damage of intestinal mucosal barrier， inflammatory response，and immunosuppression of the host. Consequently，the risk of outbreak of infectious diseases is increased that seriously affects the breeding efficiency and epidemic prevention effect. This paper reviewed the common risk factors in scale pig farm，such as weaning stress，heat stress，immune stress，transportation stress，and pre ? slaughter stress. We focused on the causes，hazards，pathogenesis and prevention and control techniques of various stress，so as to provide basis for the control of stress?induced disease.

Effect of different concentrations of sodium selenite on proliferation and selenoprotein gene expression in porcine skeletal muscle satellite cells

HE Yiyi，SHEN Lulu，LI Li，HONG Xing，LI Dajiang，XIAO Mingfei，TANG Qingsong，XU E

2022, 47(4):  9-14.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2022.04.02

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This experiment was designed to investigate the effects of different concentrations of sodium selenite on the proliferation and differentiation of porcine skeletal muscle satellite cells and on the expression of SelW and SBP1. The skeletal muscle satellite cells were isolated from white pigs，and the differentiation of skeletal muscle satellite cells and their status were identified by immunohistochemistry. The skeletal muscle satellite cells were cultured at five concentrations of sodium selenite：0（control group），0.02（0.02% group），0.1（0.1% group），0.5 （0.5% group），and 2.5（2.5% group）μg/mL，and the cell proliferation and differentiation were observed on days 1 to 4，respectively. Cells which were cultured by the abovementioned different concentration of sodium selenite were collected on day 1，3，5，and 7 respectively and RNA were extracted for detecting the expression of SelW and SBP1 gene. The results showed that：1）From day 1 to day 4，cells proliferation in the 0.02%，0.1%，and 0.5% groups were similar to that of the control group，with the 0.1 ug/mL group showing the closest trend to the control group. However， the number of cells in the 2.5% group decreased after day 3 and massive cells death occurred. 2）The expression of SelW was mostly affected by different concentrations of sodium selenite on day 3，showing a trend of first upregulation and then downregulation，along with increased concentration of sodium selenite. Data of day 3 showed that the mRNA expression of SelW was significantly increased in the 0.02% ，0.1% ，0.5% and 2.5mL groups compared with the control group，and the expression in the 0.1% and 0.5% groups was higher than that in the 0.02% and 2.5% groups （P<0.05）. The expression of SBP1 was mostly affected by different concentrations of sodium selenite on day 3 and day 7，showing a trend of increasing and then decreasing with increasing sodium selenite concentration. At day 3， compared with the control group，the mRNA expression of SBP1 was significantly increased in the 0.02% and 0.5% groups，the expression in the 0.02% group was significantly higher than that in the 0.1% and 2.5% groups，and the expression in the 0.5% group was significantly higher than that in the 0.1% group（P<0.05）. At day 7，the mRNA expression of SBP1 in the 0.1% and 0.5% groups was significantly higher than that in the control，0.02% and 2.5% groups，and the expression in the 2.5% group was lower than that in the control group（P<0.05）. In conclusion，low concentrations of sodium selenite at 0.02% and 0.1% did not inhibit and impair cell proliferation，while 0.5% sodium selenite level inhibited cell proliferation rate and 2.5% sodium selenite level had strong cytotoxicity. The mRNA expression of SelW and SBP1 was promoted by low concentrations of sodium selenite at 0.02% and 0.1%，whereas the mRNA expression of SelW and SBP1 was inhibited by 2.5% concentration of sodium selenite.

Study of isolation，identification and drug resistance of Streptococcus suis in Anning，Yunnan

ZHOU Yuzhao1，ZHANG Chong2，LI Juan3，ZHANG Xiaomiao1*

2022, 47(4):  15-20.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2022.04.03

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This test was researched for the pathogenic bacteria and drug resistance of dead pigs in a pig farm in Anning，Yunnan Province. Collecting liver，lung，spleen，and lymph nodes of dead pigs for smear staining， microscopic examination，separation culture，biochemical test，animal pathogenicity test，16S rRNA identification， serotype identification，virulence factor genotype and phenotype detection，and drug sensitivity test to study the isolated strains. The results showed that the Ynanning SS from the organs of dead pigs was Streptococcus suis type 2. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of Yinanning SS was 99.3% homologous to LC377187 and KM972351，and was higher than 92.5% homologous to other Streptococcus suis. Ynanning SS is resistance to gentamicin，clindamycin， lincomycin，cefazolin，cefuroxime，ceftazidime and sulfamethoxam，moderately sensitive to penicillin，ciprofloxacin， and sensitive to doxycycline，ceftriaxone，cefotaxime，tetracycline and sulfadiazine. Selecting sensitive drugs toclinical isolates can achieve good therapeutic effects. The research results provide a certain reference for the prevention and treatment of local Streptococcus suis disease.

Rapid Evaluation Method for the Antigen Quality of Avian Influenza Oil Emulsion Inactivated Vaccine

LAI Hanzhang2，WANG Xiaofen2，PAN Weilan2，CHEN Peijun2，CHEN Huajian2，XU Jiahua2，CHEN Ruiai1，2*

2022, 47(4):  21-23.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2022.04.04

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A rapid evaluation method for avian influenza oil emulsion vaccine antigen based on isopropyl myristate as a demulsifier was established，which is low cost and environmentally friendly，and the experimental conditions are simple. It can accurately and quickly determine the HA titer of finished oil emulsion vaccines such as avian influenza and analyse their antigenic differences within a few hours. The method can facilitate the selection of high quality and efficient vaccines from different sources and the determination of their antigenic potency before use， avoiding the use of low potency vaccines and ensuring the expected control effect.

Diagnosis of Mixed Infection of Porcine Infectious Pleural Pneumonia and Streptococcus Induced by High Temperature and Humidity

XU Minsheng1，2#，KE Haiyi1，2#，YANG Dongxia2，ZANG Yingan1，ZHAI Shaolun2，MENG Jiajia2， ZHANG Dequan3*，LI Chunling2*

2022, 47(4):  24-29.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2022.04.05

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Research Progress on the Oral Microbiota of Dogs

LIN Lin，GONG Liwei，BAI Zhitao，LIU Yilei，SONG Chen，TANG Luping，LIU Yuqing，LI Ying

2022, 47(4):  30-35.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2022.04.06

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The oral health of dogs has increasingly raised interest in recent years. The oral health not only influences dog's pleasing appearance and taking food，but also plays important roles in the general health. Similar to the intestine tracts，the oral cavities harbor complex assemblages of microorganisms in dogs. Various microbial communities maintain dynamic balance in different sites of the oral cavity，and constitute a complex oral micro ? ecosystem，the balance or imbalance of oral microbial community is closely related to the oral health and disease of dogs. This article summarizes the recent progress in the research of oral microbiota in dogs，including composition and distribution of oral microbes，the factors influencing the oral microbiota assemble，and relationship between oral microbiota and canine oral diseases，this article aim to promote the understanding of the complex and close relationship between canine oral microbes and between microbiota and oral environment，and also to provide an important theoretical basis for the diagnosis and prevention of oral diseases of dogs.

Swine nutrition research and feed technology innovation boost development of Chinese swine industry

MAO Shenli，ZHANG Sai *

2022, 47(4):  36-41.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2022.04.07

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Past 40 years since Chinese economic reform，witnessed the skyrocketing development of our swine industry，which is largely due to nutrition research and feed technology innovation. Pork production increased from 8.56 billion tons in 1978 to 52.96 billion tons in 2021，and satisfied pork demand of the people. Moreover，nutrition research and feed technology innovation improved the safety and quality of the pork. Nutrition research and feed technology innovation also facilitates appropriate utilization of feed resources，alleviate predicament of food competition between human and farm animals．

Research progress on pharmacological effects of major flavonoids compounds and their application in livestock and poultry industry

WU Qi1，ZHANG Xiaolin3，LIU Chaoxia3，LIU Guanghui3，TIAN Zhijuan4，GAO Xinzhao4， CHEN Fangyan2，WANG Linchuan1*

2022, 47(4):  42-46.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2022.04.08

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Flavonoids are important natural plant compounds widely distributed in flowers，seeds，nuts，roots and bark of higher plants. They have a wide range of pharmacological activities such as antiviral，antibacterial， antioxidant，antihypertensive，lipid??lowering and anti??inflammatory. This paper mainly reviews the pharmacological effects of flavonoids such as rutin，quercetin and genistein，etc. Their applications in improving the growth， reproductive performance，and immunity as well as the quality of meat and eggs for livestock and poultry. This research provides theoretical support for the application of flavonoids（rutin，quercetin，genistein，etc.）in livestock and poultry breeding.

The mechanism of bile acid receptors mediate the bile acid regulation of intestinal barrier function

YANG Yahui1，2，QIN Limei1*，ZHU Xiaoping1，YANG Xuefen2*

2022, 47(4):  47-54.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2022.04.09

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Intestinal barrier is an important basis for animals to maintain homeostasis. Many factors can destroy the integrity of intestinal barrier，leading to bacterial and viral invasion and systemic diseases. Bile acid，as an important component of bile，is synthesized from the liver with cholesterol as raw material and can be discharged into the digestive tract together with bile under the stimulation of exogenous food and related hormones. Bile acids not only emulsify fat，promote intestinal absorption of lipid，regulate liver function，increase energy consumption and other functions，but also play an important role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Bile acid receptor are distribution inthe animal internal organs in the body，after bile acid or bile acid analogues activation play a physiological role， and play a role in different organs of mechanism is different，in the intestinal tract，mainly through the bile acid and bile acid receptor and intestinal flora in regulating intestinal steady state，the three interactions，and checks and balances. This review focuses on the roles and mechanisms of bile acids and their receptors in intestinal barrier homeostasis.

Research progress of rotavirus infection, immune escape and relevant vaccine development

XU Wang1，2，3，WANG Guiping1，2，3，QU Xiaoyun4，JIA Aiqing1，2，3

2022, 47(4):  55-58.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2022.04.10

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Rotavirus infection can cause severe diarrhea in infected individuals (humans or animals)，and young individuals or those who are old or with compromised immune system can develop symptoms such as severe dehydration or even death in severe cases. In the world，approximately 200，000 youngest died from rotavirus infection each year，posing a substantial challenge to the world public health. In addition，cubs of production animal of our interests such as piglet，beef calf，sheep lamb may also die from rotavirus，causing economic losses to the production animal industry to a certain extend. In this review，we summarized the genomic characteristics of rotavirus， characteristics of infection and proliferation，the immune response induced in the organism，and the current state of the vaccine research，providing reference on the development of rotavirus vaccines or therapeutics.

Research progress in the application of fermented cassava residue in livestock and poultry production

MA Xudong1，ZUO Qingqing1，SUN Haiyan2，ZHENG Yongqing1，LI Bosong1*

2022, 47(4):  59-65.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2022.04.11

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Cassava residue is a by??product produced in the process of cassava processing starch or alcohol，which rich in nutritional ingredients，such as starch and cellulose. The cassava residue is easy to produce mildew and cause waste and pollution of resources. The poor palatability of high fiber and the existence of anti-nutritional factors limit its application in feed. Fermentation can increase the nutritional composition and palatability of cassava residue. Fermented cassava residue can be used as a feed material in livestock and poultry production to animal production，reduce breeding costs，and realize resource utilization and reduce environmental pollution. In this paper，the improvement of nutritional value of cassava residue by fermentation and its application in livestock and poultry production were reviewed，providing theoretical basis for for further research and utilization of fermented cassava residue.

Research Progress in Detection，Isolation and Identification of Salmonella

WEN Zhenyu，ZHANG Hongxia，LI Meixia，ZHANG Jianmin，LIAO Ming，QU Xiaoyun*

2022, 47(4):  66-70.  DOI: 10.19978/j.cnki.xmsy.2022.04.12

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Salmonella is an important zoonotic pathogen，which not only causes great economic losses in livestock and poultry breeding industry，but also its infected animal products will threaten human health. How to effectively monitor and prevent Salmonella has great public health significance. By summarizing the current detection methods of Salmonella，this paper summarizes the following methods：traditional culture methods，immunological methods，molecular biology methods，spectral mass spectrometry，biosensors and so on. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages. It is a feasible idea to combine different methods. Looking forward to the future，the miniaturization and automation of detection equipment is a major trend. How to develop screening and identification methods integrating pretreatment and detection is a hot topic of Salmonella detection methods in the future.