Abstract: Mycobacterium marinum，a typical pathogen causing zoonotic diseases in both humans and fish， exhibits a complex infection mechanism with diverse host characteristics. In recent years， the incidence of mycobacteriosis caused by this pathogen in global aquaculture has significantly increased. Additionally，the rise in human infection cases highlights its potential public health risk. This review systematically summarizes the genetic diversity of M. marinum，its host adaptation and evolutionary mechanisms，and its pathogenic features in fish and humans. Special emphasis is placed on the molecular mechanisms mediated by the ESX⁃1 secretion system，including immune evasion，lipid metabolism hijacking，and regulation of host cell death. Integrating the cutting⁃edge application of the zebrafish model in tuberculosis research，this paper proposes an innovative approach to address host⁃specific infections through the integration of multi⁃omics and synthetic immunological techniques，providing a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of aquaculture pathogens and the early warning of zoonotic diseases.

Key words: Mycobacterium marinum, Fish infection, Research progress

摘要： 海洋分枝杆菌（Mycobacterium marinum）作为典型的人鱼共患病原体，其感染机制复 杂且具有宿主多样性特征。近年来，全球水产养殖中由其引发的分枝杆菌病发病率显著上 升，同时人类感染病例的增多提示其公共卫生风险。该文综述了海洋分枝杆菌的遗传多样性 特征、宿主适应性进化机制及其在鱼类和人类中的致病特征，重点剖析其通过ESX?1分泌系统 介导的免疫逃逸、脂质代谢劫持以及宿主细胞死亡调控等分子机制。结合斑马鱼模型在结核 病研究中的前沿应用，提出通过多组学整合与合成免疫技术破解宿主特异性感染难题的创新 思路，为水产病原防控与人畜共患病预警提供理论支撑。

关键词: 海洋分枝杆菌, 鱼类感染, 研究进展